Telangana Class 8 Science

# Telangana Class 8 Science: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to your comprehensive guide to the Telangana Class 8 Science syllabus. This course is designed to provide you with a thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts of Physical and Biological Sciences, in alignment with the latest curriculum set by the Telangana State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) [1]. Our goal is to foster a deep appreciation for the scientific world and to equip you with the knowledge and skills necessary for academic success.

## The Importance of Science Education

Science education is a critical component of a well-rounded academic foundation. It encourages curiosity, develops critical thinking skills, and provides a framework for understanding the world around us. The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, emphasizes the importance of connecting classroom learning to real-life experiences, a principle that we will adhere to throughout this course [2].

## Physical Science

### Chapter 1: Force

Force is a fundamental concept in physics, representing a push or a pull on an object. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. Understanding the principles of force is essential for comprehending the motion of objects and the interactions between them.

#### What is Force?

In our daily lives, we encounter forces in various forms. Pushing a door open, lifting a book, or kicking a ball all involve the application of force. The SI unit of force is the Newton (N), named after Sir Isaac Newton, who formulated the laws of motion.

#### Types of Forces

Forces can be broadly categorized into contact forces and non-contact forces. Contact forces, such as friction and normal force, require physical contact between objects. Non-contact forces, such as gravity and magnetism, can act over a distance.

#### The Net Force

The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object. When the net force is zero, the object is in a state of equilibrium, meaning it is either at rest or moving at a constant velocity. If the net force is non-zero, the object will accelerate in the direction of the net force.

#### The Effect of Force

A force can cause a change in an object’s state of motion, such as starting, stopping, or changing its direction. It can also cause a change in the shape or size of an object.

#### Pressure

Pressure is defined as the force applied perpendicular to a surface per unit area. It is a scalar quantity, and its SI unit is the Pascal (Pa). Pressure is a crucial concept in many areas of science and engineering, from fluid dynamics to materials science.

#### Embedded Video: Understanding Force

To further explore the concept of force, watch this informative video from the South Education Academy:

[Watch: TG Class- 8 Physics Chapter -1 Force Question and Answer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfpCTN2KIRw)

### Chapter 2: Friction

Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion between two surfaces in contact. It is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by factors such as the nature of the surfaces and the force pressing them together.

#### Types of Friction

There are several types of friction, including static friction, kinetic friction, and rolling friction. Static friction acts on objects at rest, while kinetic friction acts on objects in motion. Rolling friction occurs when an object rolls over a surface.

#### Factors Affecting Friction

The force of friction depends on two main factors: the coefficient of friction, which is a property of the two surfaces in contact, and the normal force, which is the force pressing the surfaces together.

#### Is Friction Necessary?

While friction can be a hindrance in many situations, it is also essential for many everyday activities. Walking, writing, and driving all rely on the force of friction.

#### Increasing and Decreasing Friction

In some cases, it is desirable to increase friction, such as when using brakes on a car. In other cases, it is desirable to decrease friction, such as by using lubricants in machinery.

#### Fluid Friction

Fluid friction, also known as drag, is the force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid, such as air or water. It is an important consideration in the design of vehicles and aircraft.

#### Embedded Video: Understanding Friction

This video provides a detailed explanation of the concepts of friction:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physics Chapter 2: Friction](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ki2uEyDx-0c)

### Chapter 3: Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

Synthetic fibres and plastics are an integral part of modern life, with a wide range of applications in clothing, packaging, and industry. This chapter explores the properties, production, and environmental impact of these materials.

#### From Natural to Synthetic

For centuries, humans relied on natural fibres like cotton, wool, and silk for clothing and textiles. The development of synthetic fibres in the 20th century revolutionized the textile industry, offering new materials with unique properties.

#### What are Synthetic Fibres?

Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres produced from chemical substances. They are polymers, which are large molecules made up of repeating structural units called monomers. Common examples of synthetic fibres include nylon, polyester, and acrylic.

#### Identifying Synthetic Fibres

Different synthetic fibres have distinct properties that can be used to identify them. For example, nylon is known for its strength and elasticity, while polyester is known for its resistance to wrinkles and shrinking.

#### Plastics Around Us

Plastics are a type of synthetic polymer that can be molded into various shapes. They are used in a vast array of products, from water bottles and food containers to car parts and electronic devices.

#### Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Substances

One of the major challenges associated with synthetic fibres and plastics is their environmental impact. Most of these materials are non-biodegradable, meaning they do not break down naturally in the environment. This can lead to pollution and harm to wildlife.

#### The 4R Principle

To address the environmental concerns associated with plastics, the 4R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recover) has been proposed. This principle encourages responsible consumption and waste management practices.

#### Embedded Video: Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

Learn more about synthetic fibres and plastics in this video:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 3: Synthetic Fibres and Plastics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fyv9Els7zA)

### Chapter 4: Metals and Non-metals

Metals and non-metals are two major classes of elements with distinct physical and chemical properties. This chapter provides an introduction to these elements and their uses.

#### Physical Properties

Metals are typically shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals, on the other hand, are generally dull, brittle, and poor conductors.

#### Chemical Properties

Metals and non-metals also differ in their chemical properties. For example, metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions, while non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions.

#### Reactivity of Metals

The reactivity of metals varies widely. Some metals, such as potassium and sodium, are highly reactive, while others, such as gold and platinum, are very unreactive. The reactivity series of metals is a useful tool for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions.

#### Uses of Metals and Non-metals

Metals and non-metals have a wide range of applications in our daily lives. Metals are used in construction, transportation, and electronics, while non-metals are used in fertilizers, plastics, and medicines.

#### Embedded Video: Metals and Non-metals

This video provides a comprehensive overview of the properties and uses of metals and non-metals:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 4: Metals and Non-Metals](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 5: Sound

Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves through a medium, such as air, water, or solids. This chapter explores the production, propagation, and characteristics of sound.

#### Production of Sound

Sound is produced by vibrating objects. When an object vibrates, it causes the surrounding medium to vibrate as well, creating a sound wave.

#### Sound Has Energy

Sound waves carry energy. The amount of energy in a sound wave is related to its amplitude, which is the maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their equilibrium position.

#### Musical Instruments

Musical instruments are devices that are designed to produce sound. They can be classified into several categories, such as string instruments, wind instruments, and percussion instruments.

#### Sound Propagation

Sound requires a medium to travel. It cannot travel through a vacuum, as there are no particles to vibrate. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium, such as its temperature and density.

#### Characteristics of Sound

Sound has several characteristics, including pitch, loudness, and quality. Pitch is determined by the frequency of the sound wave, while loudness is determined by its amplitude. Quality, or timbre, is what distinguishes the sound of different instruments.

#### Embedded Video: Sound

Explore the fascinating world of sound with this video:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 5: Sound](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97Fc_olk-to)

### Chapter 6: Reflection of Light at Plane Surfaces

Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a surface. This chapter focuses on the reflection of light at plane surfaces, such as mirrors.

#### Laws of Reflection

The reflection of light follows two laws: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane.

#### Plane Mirrors

A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat reflective surface. It forms a virtual image that is upright, the same size as the object, and located behind the mirror at the same distance as the object is in front of it.

#### Embedded Video: Reflection of Light

This video provides a clear explanation of the laws of reflection and the formation of images by plane mirrors:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 6: Reflection of Light by Plane Surfaces](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 7: Coal and Petroleum

Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels that are formed from the remains of ancient organisms. They are a major source of energy for the world, but their use also has significant environmental consequences.

#### Sources of Materials

Coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources, meaning they are consumed much faster than they are formed. This has led to concerns about their long-term availability.

#### Formation of Coal and Petroleum

Coal is formed from the remains of plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago. Petroleum is formed from the remains of marine organisms, such as algae and plankton.

#### Conserving Coal and Petroleum

Given the finite nature of coal and petroleum resources, it is important to conserve them. This can be done by reducing our energy consumption and by developing alternative sources of energy.

#### Embedded Video: Coal and Petroleum

Learn more about the formation and use of coal and petroleum in this video:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 7:Coal and Petroleum](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 8: Combustion, Fuels, and Flame

Combustion is a chemical process that releases energy in the form of heat and light. This chapter explores the principles of combustion, the properties of fuels, and the nature of flames.

#### What is Combustion?

Combustion is a rapid reaction between a substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, to produce heat and light. It is an exothermic reaction, meaning it releases energy.

#### Fuels

A fuel is any material that can be burned to produce energy. Fuels can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas. Common examples of fuels include wood, coal, gasoline, and natural gas.

#### Flame

A flame is the visible, gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic reaction taking place in a thin zone. The color of a flame depends on the temperature and the chemical composition of the fuel.

#### Embedded Video: Combustion, Fuels, and Flame

This video provides a detailed explanation of the process of combustion and the properties of fuels and flames:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 8: Combustion, Fuels and Flame](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE_2GUUQqkg)

### Chapter 9: Electrical Conductivity of Liquids

This chapter delves into the fascinating topic of how liquids conduct electricity, a phenomenon that has numerous applications in science and technology.

#### Testing for Electrical Conductivity

Not all liquids conduct electricity. A simple circuit with a battery, a bulb, and two electrodes can be used to test the electrical conductivity of a liquid. If the bulb glows when the electrodes are immersed in the liquid, it indicates that the liquid is a conductor.

#### Chemical Effects of Electric Current

When an electric current passes through a conducting liquid, it can cause a chemical reaction. This is known as the chemical effect of electric current. A common example is the electrolysis of water, where water is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen gas.

#### Electroplating

Electroplating is a process that uses the chemical effect of electric current to deposit a thin layer of one metal onto another. This is done to improve the appearance, corrosion resistance, or other properties of the metal.

#### Embedded Video: Electrical Conductivity of Liquids

This video explains the concepts of electrical conductivity in liquids and electroplating:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 9: Electrical Conductivity of Liquids](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 10: Some Natural Phenomena

Our planet is a dynamic place, and this chapter explores some of the powerful natural phenomena that occur, such as lightning and earthquakes.

#### Lightning

Lightning is a dramatic natural electrical discharge that occurs during a thunderstorm. It is caused by the buildup of static electricity in clouds. Understanding the science behind lightning is crucial for ensuring safety during storms.

#### Earthquakes

Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. They can cause immense destruction and are a major geological hazard in many parts of the world.

#### Embedded Video: Natural Phenomena

Learn more about the science behind lightning and earthquakes in this video:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 10: Some Natural Phenomena](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 11: Stars and the Solar System

This chapter takes us on a journey through the cosmos, exploring the stars, our solar system, and our place in the universe.

#### The Stars

Stars are massive, luminous spheres of plasma held together by their own gravity. They are the building blocks of galaxies and are responsible for the production of most of the elements in the universe.

#### The Solar System

Our solar system consists of the Sun and the celestial objects that are gravitationally bound to it, including eight planets, their moons, and various other objects such as asteroids and comets.

#### Artificial Satellites

Artificial satellites are man-made objects that are placed in orbit around the Earth. They have a wide range of applications, including communication, navigation, and scientific research.

#### Embedded Video: Stars and the Solar System

Embark on a journey through the cosmos with this captivating video:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 11: Stars and the Solar System](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 12: Graphs of Motion

Graphs are a powerful tool for representing and analyzing motion. This chapter introduces the use of graphs to describe the motion of objects.

#### Graphs of Uniform Motion

For an object in uniform motion, the distance-time graph is a straight line, and the velocity-time graph is a horizontal line.

#### Graphs of Non-Uniform Motion

For an object in non-uniform motion, the distance-time graph is a curve, and the velocity-time graph is a sloping line.

#### Embedded Video: Graphs of Motion

This video explains how to interpret and use graphs of motion:

[Watch: TG Class 8 Physical Science Chapter 12: Graphs of Motion](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

## Biological Science

### Chapter 1: What is Science?

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. This chapter introduces the nature of science and the scientific method.

#### The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a process of inquiry that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions. It is a powerful tool for understanding the natural world.

#### Process Skills

Science involves a variety of process skills, such as observing, classifying, measuring, and inferring. These skills are essential for conducting scientific investigations.

#### Embedded Video: What is Science?

This video provides an engaging introduction to the world of science:

[Watch: What is Science?](https://en.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-8-biology/x9e658c120b0ca797:what-is-science/x9e658c120b0ca797:untitled-2/v/what-is-science)

### Chapter 2: Cell – The Basic Unit of Life

The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. This chapter explores the discovery, structure, and diversity of cells.

#### Discovery of the Cell

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. Since then, our understanding of the cell has grown immensely, thanks to the development of more powerful microscopes.

#### Diversity in Cells

Cells come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, while others, such as humans, are multicellular.

#### Embedded Video: The Cell

This video provides a detailed look at the structure and function of the cell:

[Watch: Introduction to the cell](https://en.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-8-biology/x9e658c120b0ca797:cell-the-basic-unit-of-life/x9e658c120b0ca797:introduction-to-the-cell/v/introduction-to-the-cell)

### Chapter 3: The World of Microorganisms

Microorganisms, or microbes, are microscopic organisms that are found all around us. This chapter explores the different types of microorganisms and their roles in our world.

#### Groups of Microorganisms

Microorganisms can be classified into several groups, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Each group has its own unique characteristics.

#### Useful and Harmful Microorganisms

Some microorganisms are beneficial to us, such as the bacteria in our gut that help us digest food. Others are harmful and can cause diseases.

#### Embedded Video: The World of Microorganisms

This video provides a fascinating glimpse into the world of microorganisms:

[Watch: The World of Microorganisms](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 4: Reproduction in Animals

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms – “offspring” – are produced from their “parents”. This chapter explores the different modes of reproduction in animals.

#### Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

There are two main modes of reproduction: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique.

#### Oviparous and Viviparous Animals

Animals can be classified as oviparous or viviparous based on their mode of reproduction. Oviparous animals, such as birds and reptiles, lay eggs. Viviparous animals, such as mammals, give birth to live young.

#### Embedded Video: Reproduction in Animals

This video explains the different modes of reproduction in animals:

[Watch: Reproduction in Animals](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 5: Adolescence

Adolescence is the transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. This chapter explores the changes that occur during adolescence.

#### Changes at Adolescence

Adolescence is a time of rapid physical, cognitive, and social change. These changes are driven by hormones and can be a challenging time for both adolescents and their families.

#### Adolescence and Health

It is important for adolescents to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep. This will help them to cope with the challenges of adolescence and to develop into healthy adults.

#### Embedded Video: Adolescence

This video provides a helpful overview of the changes that occur during adolescence:

[Watch: Adolescence](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 6: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, from the smallest bacteria to the largest whales. This chapter explores the importance of biodiversity and the need for its conservation.

#### What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity includes the diversity of species, the diversity of ecosystems, and the genetic diversity within species. It is essential for the functioning of ecosystems and for the provision of ecosystem services, such as clean air and water.

#### Threats to Biodiversity

Biodiversity is threatened by a variety of human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. The loss of biodiversity can have serious consequences for both the environment and for human well-being.

#### Conservation of Biodiversity

Conservation of biodiversity is the protection and management of biodiversity to ensure that it is not depleted. This can be done through a variety of measures, such as establishing protected areas, restoring degraded habitats, and reducing pollution.

#### Embedded Video: Biodiversity and its Conservation

This video highlights the importance of biodiversity and the need for its conservation:

[Watch: Biodiversity and its Conservation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 7: Different Ecosystems

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. This chapter explores the different types of ecosystems and the interactions between their components.

#### Types of Ecosystems

Ecosystems can be classified into two main types: terrestrial ecosystems, such as forests and grasslands, and aquatic ecosystems, such as ponds and oceans.

#### Biotic and Abiotic Components

Ecosystems are made up of biotic components, which are the living organisms, and abiotic components, which are the nonliving components, such as sunlight, water, and soil.

#### Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun to the producers, and then to the consumers. This flow of energy is essential for the functioning of the ecosystem.

#### Embedded Video: Different Ecosystems

This video provides an overview of the different types of ecosystems and the interactions between their components:

[Watch: Different Ecosystems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 8: Food Production from Plants

Plants are the primary source of food for most of the world’s population. This chapter explores the different methods of food production from plants.

#### Crops in India

India is a major producer of a wide variety of crops, including rice, wheat, and maize. The cultivation of these crops is essential for ensuring food security for the country’s large population.

#### Manures and Pesticides

Manures and pesticides are used to improve crop yields. Manures are organic materials that are added to the soil to improve its fertility. Pesticides are chemicals that are used to kill pests that can damage crops.

#### Embedded Video: Food Production from Plants

This video explains the different methods of food production from plants:

[Watch: Food Production from Plants](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 9: Food Production from Animals

Animals are another important source of food for humans. This chapter explores the different methods of food production from animals.

#### Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals. It includes a variety of practices, such as providing animals with food, water, and shelter, and protecting them from diseases.

#### Poultry and Fisheries

Poultry and fisheries are two important sectors of the animal husbandry industry. Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds, such as chickens and ducks, for their meat and eggs. Fisheries is the raising of fish for their meat.

#### Embedded Video: Food Production from Animals

This video explains the different methods of food production from animals:

[Watch: Food Production from Animals](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 10: Not for Drinking – Not for Breathing

This chapter addresses the critical issue of pollution, focusing on the contamination of our water and air.

#### Water Pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. It is caused by a variety of human activities, such as the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial waste.

#### Air Pollution

Air pollution is the contamination of the air with harmful substances. It is caused by a variety of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the release of industrial emissions.

#### Embedded Video: Pollution

This video highlights the causes and effects of water and air pollution:

[Watch: Pollution](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

### Chapter 11: Why do we fall ill?

This chapter explores the causes of diseases and the importance of maintaining good health.

#### What is Health?

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is a dynamic state that is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment.

#### Causes of Diseases

Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, genetic disorders, and lifestyle choices.

#### Prevention of Diseases

Many diseases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

#### Embedded Video: Why do we fall ill?

This video explains the causes of diseases and the importance of maintaining good health:

[Watch: Why do we fall ill?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=your_video_id_here)
*Note: A specific video for this chapter was not found in the initial search. A placeholder will be used and updated once a suitable video is identified.*

## References

[1] SCERT Telangana. (n.d.). *Telangana State Council of Educational Research and Training*. Retrieved from https://www.scert.telangana.gov.in/

[2] NCERT. (2005). *National Curriculum Framework 2005*. Retrieved from https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/nc-framework/nf2005-english.pdf

[3] BYJU’S. (n.d.). *Telangana Class 8 Science Syllabus*. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/telangana-board/class-8-science-syllabus/

[4] AglaSem. (2024). *Telangana Board Class 8 Science Syllabus 2024*. Retrieved from https://schools.aglasem.com/telangana-board-syllabus-class-8-science/

[5] South Education Academy. (n.d.). *TG | Class-8 | Physical Science | Question and Answers*. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzrbCmNsxwbTI6QjmV1i-l9nhzC_EdiB2

[6] Khan Academy. (n.d.). *Telangana Class 8 Biology*. Retrieved from https://en.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-8-biology